Easy Checklist for Credible and Reliable Sources
What Are Credible Sources & How to Spot Them | Examples
A credible source is free from bias and backed up with evidence. It is written by a trustworthy author or organization.
There are a lot of sources out there, and it can be hard to tell what's credible and what isn't at first glance.
Evaluating source credibility is an important information literacy skill. It ensures that you collect accurate information to back up the arguments you make and the conclusions you draw.
Types of sources
There are many different types of sources, which can be divided into three categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. However, it's up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.
You will likely use a combination of the three types over the course of your research process.
| Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Primary | First-hand evidence giving you direct access to your research topic |
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| Secondary | Second-hand information that analyzes, describes, or evaluates primary sources |
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| Tertiary | Sources that identify, index, or consolidate primary and secondary sources |
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How to identify a credible source
There are a few criteria to look at right away when assessing a source. Together, these criteria form what is known as the CRAAP test.
- The information should be up-to-date and current.
- The source should be relevant to your research.
- The author and publication should be a trusted authority on the subject you are researching.
- The sources the author cited should be easy to find, clear, and unbiased.
- For web sources, the URL and layout should signify that it is trustworthy.
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The CRAAP test
The CRAAP test is a catchy acronym that will help you evaluate the credibility of a source you are thinking about using. California State University developed it in 2004 to help students remember best practices for evaluating content.
- Currency: Is the source up-to-date?
- Relevance: Is the source relevant to your research?
- Authority: Where is the source published? Who is the author? Are they considered reputable and trustworthy in their field?
- Accuracy: Is the source supported by evidence? Are the claims cited correctly?
- Purpose: What was the motive behind publishing this source?
The criteria for evaluating each point depend on your research topic.
For example, if you are researching cutting-edge scientific technology, a source from 10 years ago will not be sufficiently current. However, if you are researching the Peloponnesian War, a source from 200 years ago would be reasonable to refer to.
Be careful when ascertaining purpose. It can be very unclear (often by design!) what a source's motive is. For example, a journal article discussing the efficacy of a particular medication may seem credible, but if the publisher is the manufacturer of the medication, you can't be sure that it is free from bias. As a rule of thumb, if a source is even passively trying to convince you to purchase something, it may not be credible.
Newspapers can be a great way to glean first-hand information about a historical event or situate your research topic within a broader context. However, the veracity and reliability of online news sources can vary enormously—be sure to pay careful attention to authority here.
When evaluating academic journals or books published by university presses, it's always a good rule of thumb to ensure they are peer-reviewed and published in a reputable journal.
What is peer review?
The peer review process evaluates submissions to academic journals. A panel of reviewers in the same subject area decide whether a submission should be accepted for publication based on a set of criteria.
For this reason, academic journals are often considered among the most credible sources you can use in a research project– provided that the journal itself is trustworthy and well-regarded.
Where to find credible sources
What sources you use depend on the kind of research you are conducting.
For preliminary research and getting to know a new topic, you could use a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.
- Encyclopedias
- Textbooks
- Websites with .edu or .org domains
- News sources with first-hand reporting
- Research-oriented magazines like ScienceMag or Nature Weekly.
As you dig deeper into your scholarly research, books and academic journals are usually your best bet.
Academic journals are often a great place to find trustworthy and credible content, and are considered one of the most reliable sources you can use in academic writing.
- Is the journal indexed in academic databases?
- Has the journal had to retract many articles?
- Are the journal's policies on copyright and peer review easily available?
- Are there solid "About" and "Scope" pages detailing what sorts of articles they publish?
- Has the author of the article published other articles? A quick Google Scholar search will show you.
- Has the author been cited by other scholars? Google Scholar also has a function called "Cited By" that can show you where the author has been cited. A high number of "Cited By" results can often be a measurement of credibility.
Google Scholar is a search engine for academic sources. This is a great place to kick off your research. You can also consider using an academic database like LexisNexis or government open data to get started.
Open Educational Resources, or OERs, are materials that have been licensed for "free use" in educational settings. Legitimate OERs can be a great resource. Be sure they have a Creative Commons license allowing them to be duplicated and shared, and meet the CRAAP test criteria, especially in the authority section. The OER Commons is a public digital library that is curated by librarians, and a solid place to start.
| Interdisciplinary |
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|---|---|
| Science + Mathematics |
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| Social Science + Humanities |
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Evaluating web sources
It can be especially challenging to verify the credibility of online sources. They often do not have single authors or publication dates, and their motivation can be more difficult to ascertain.
Websites are not subject to the peer-review and editing process that academic journals or books go through, and can be published by anyone at any time.
When evaluating the credibility of a website, look first at the URL. The domain extension can help you understand what type of website you're dealing with.
- Educational resources end in .edu, and are generally considered the most credible in academic settings.
- Advocacy or non-profit organizations end in .org.
- Government-affiliated websites end in .gov.
- Websites with some sort of commercial aspect end in .com (or .co.uk, or another country-specific domain).
In general, check for vague terms, buzzwords, or writing that is too emotive or subjective. Beware of grandiose claims, and critically analyze anything not cited or backed up by evidence.
- How does the website look and feel? Does it look professional to you?
- Is there an "About Us" page, or a way to contact the author or organization if you need clarification on a claim they have made?
- Are there links to other sources on the page, and are they trustworthy?
- Can the information you found be verified elsewhere, even via a simple Google search?
- When was the website last updated? If it hasn't been updated recently, it may not pass the CRAAP test.
- Does the website have a lot of advertisements or sponsored content? This could be a sign of bias.
- Is a source of funding disclosed? This could also give you insight into the author and publisher's motivations.
Social media posts, blogs, and personal websites can be good resources for a situational analysis or grounding of your preliminary ideas, but exercise caution here. These highly personal and subjective sources are seldom reliable enough to stand on their own in your final research product.
Similarly, Wikipedia is not considered a reliable source due to the fact that it can be edited by anyone at any time. However, it can be a good starting point for general information and finding other sources.
Frequently asked questions
- What makes a source credible?
-
A credible source should pass the CRAAP test and follow these guidelines:
- The information should be up to date and current.
- The author and publication should be a trusted authority on the subject you are researching.
- The sources the author cited should be easy to find, clear, and unbiased.
- For a web source, the URL and layout should signify that it is trustworthy.
- What is the definition of peer review?
-
Peer review is a process of evaluating submissions to an academic journal. Utilizing rigorous criteria, a panel of reviewers in the same subject area decide whether to accept each submission for publication. For this reason, academic journals are often considered among the most credible sources you can use in a research project– provided that the journal itself is trustworthy and well-regarded.
- What is the CRAAP test?
-
The CRAAP test is an acronym to help you evaluate the credibility of a source you are considering using. It is an important component of information literacy.
The CRAAP test has five main components:
- Currency: Is the source up to date?
- Relevance: Is the source relevant to your research?
- Authority: Where is the source published? Who is the author? Are they considered reputable and trustworthy in their field?
- Accuracy: Is the source supported by evidence? Are the claims cited correctly?
- Purpose: What was the motive behind publishing this source?
- What are examples of academic dishonesty?
-
Academic dishonesty can be intentional or unintentional, ranging from something as simple as claiming to have read something you didn't to copying your neighbor's answers on an exam.
You can commit academic dishonesty with the best of intentions, such as helping a friend cheat on a paper. Severe academic dishonesty can include buying a pre-written essay or the answers to a multiple-choice test, or falsifying a medical emergency to avoid taking a final exam.
- How can you tell if a source is primary or secondary?
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To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:
- Was the source created by someone directly involved in the events you're studying (primary), or by another researcher (secondary)?
- Does the source provide original information (primary), or does it summarize information from other sources (secondary)?
- Are you directly analyzing the source itself (primary), or only using it for background information (secondary)?
Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. letters, interviews). If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source.
Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. However, it's up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.
Always make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.
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